Effects of Corruption in the Phil. - 14311 Words

INTRODUCTION Our report covers the major effects of corruption in the economy of the Philippines. We focused on the many issues caused by corruption being faced by the government today. We also included some essays and opinions from several users online. The first part of our report is the definition of corruption and its cause. To introduce our topic, we first defined what corruption is. We included a definition taken from the website of Philippine Anti-Graft Commission, the government agency tasked to weed out corruption on the government. There were also various definitions of corruption on the first part of our report. We also included the definition of political corruption and the different causes of corruption. These topics are†¦show more content†¦And when virtue has been corrupted, a heroic leader must appear who in rebuilding the political order infuses this virtue into the entire citizenry. Arnold Heidenheimer (1993 p. 25) Montesquieu saw corruption as the dysfunctional process by which a good political order is perverted into evil one and a monarchy into a despotism. According to Rosseau political corruption is a necessary consequence of the struggle for power. Then he argued that man had been corrupted by social and political life. It is not the corruption of man which destroyed the political system but the political system which corrupts and destroys man. Arnold Heidenheimer (1993 p. 25) There is an agreement between the views of Rosseau and Lord Acton that all powers tends to corrupt and absolute powers corrupts absolutely. Lord Acton is focused on the moral depravity which power is believed to cause in man, they no longer think about what is right action or manner, but only about which is expedient action or manner. Arnold Heidenheimer (1993 p. 16) According to Carl Fredrich (1972 p.18) Corruption is a kind of behavior which deviates from the norm actually prevalent or behaved to prevail in a given context, such as the political. It is deviant behavior associated with a particular motivation, namely that of private gain at public expense. So he stated the concept of corruption in a way that constitutes a break of law or of standards of high moral conduct.Show MoreRelatedThe Negative Effe cts Of The Family In Upton Sinclairs The Jungle?961 Words   |  4 Pagesthe 1900s. Although many immigrant families came to America in search of a better life, soon most found themselves barely surviving with no job, food, shelter, or money. As is the case of the family in The Jungle. The novel not only unveils the corruption of the political and economic system during the time, but also exposes the severe torment and misery that was faced by the working class. Upton Sinclair’s book, The Jungle, describes how alcoholism, poverty, and people in positions of authorityRead MoreEthical Vs. Legal Business Issues949 Words   |  4 Pagesthe governor’s mansion. Every person was identified as a Jim’s Gym employee except for the Atlanta manager. Other than bad press, I do not believe five of the incidents will harmful to Jim’s Gym. They are unrelated to work, and will likely have no effect on the Gym. I do believe the domestic violence charge might affect the gym in Atlanta. The press surrounding the domestic violence was the only publication that did not mention Jim’s Gym within it. However, this was the manager of Jim’s Gym inRead MoreThe Jungle By Upton Sinclair1334 Words   |  6 Pagesthe 1900s. Although many immigrant families came to America in search of a better life, soon most found themselves barely surviving with no job, food, shelter, or money. As is the case of the family in The Jungle. The novel not only unveils the corruption of the political and economic system during the time, but also exposes the severe torment and misery that was faced by the working class. Upton Sinclair’s book, The Jungle, describes how alcoholism, poverty, and people in positions of authorityRead MoreHow Drug And Human Trafficking Differ From Traditional Security Threats1077 Words   |  5 Pagestrafficked commodities, states should reduce the supply and demand of the illicit industries. This essay will now discuss the state security challenges of corruption. Corruption is an important factor necessary for smuggling illicit commodities transnationally. Both Munro and Phil Williams support this in their texts, with Williams stating that, corruption is a ‘lubricant which allows organised criminal organisations to operate with maximum effectiveness’. As discussed in the previous paragraph, the drugRead MoreUpton Sinclair s The Jungle1630 Words   |  7 Pagesone of the wealthiest on the planet. 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In effect, the family gets its first share of misfortune with the first step it takes. The family signs an agreement to buy a house, but it turns out to be a deceit; the agreement is tricky with its concealed costs, and the house is bad and scantily maintainedRead MoreResearch Proposal On Environmental Racism And Environmental Justice Essay1172 Words   |  5 Pages Unit 8 Learning Assignment Research paper University of the People term 4 (2015-2016) Phil 1404: Environmental Racism and Environmental Justice May 30, 2016 Andy Stanford (Instructor)

Major Differences Between A Command Economy And A Market...

1.1 Market Economies There are many major differences between a command economy and a market economy. To start out with, a command economy is planned, where the government decides the main economic decisions. Next, a market economy is when individuals are free to make their own decisions as they buy and sell products. So between both economies, the command economy is planned and the market economy is free. In conclusion a command economy and a market economy, are two completely different things. I believe that the â€Å"Private Enterprise† is the most important. To begin with, individuals have rights to own their own business. However, the individuals might have their freedom but they also have to follow the laws. It, also let’s the business owners produce goods with limited government decisions or directions. In conclusion, â€Å"Private Enterprise† let’s individuals work, how they would like, while maintaining the laws. There are many reasons to why the market economy has been adopted in many countries that formerly had a command economy. One reason is that the market economy has the freedom to pick what type of business they would like to run. With a command economy the government chooses what type of business they get. So, the market economy has more freedom to run their business the way they like, while following the laws. In conclusion the countries that formerly had a command economy didn’t have as much freedom as the market economy does. There are many changes I would find,Show MoreRelatedWhat Is The Major Difference Between A Command Economy And A Market Economy?1836 Words   |  8 Pages1.1 MARKET ECONOMIES Answer all questions in a complete paragraph with an opening sentence, 3 descriptive sentences and 1 closing sentence. What is the major difference between a command economy and a market economy? There is a major difference between a command economy and a market economy. Command is where you have no choice and the government tells you what to do, like what your job is and what product you will make. But, in market you have choices and your own personal feelings about whatRead MoreA Free Market Economy Is Better Than Command Economy Essay1247 Words   |  5 PagesA Free-market economy is better than Command economy Free-market and Command economy are the two-major economy system. It has sparked years of controversies among individuals over which system is better. However, no agreement has been reached. Meanwhile, it is obvious that free-market economy predominates all around the world as the majority of countries are following an economy which free-market process the dominating position. The significant difference between is whether government interventionRead MoreEconomic1071 Words   |  5 Pagesbeing a traditional, command, or market economy. 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However, mixed economy is a combination of Command and Free market economy (Bogolib, 2013); the market price is determinedRead MoreThe Between The Euphrates And Euphrates Tigris And Tigris Rivers Essay1584 Words   |  7 PagesNearly ten-thousand years ago the first recorded civilization emerged in the world. Between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, (Mesopotamia) lived the ancient Sumerian peoples. Since then, time has seen the creation and decimation of thousands of countries and economies. In this time, common political structures consisted of a powerful top down ruling where either pharaohs, dictators, or kings held all or most of the power. 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Essay on Law Consideration

Question: 1. write an essay on the following The performance of an existing legal or contractual duty can never amount to sufficient consideration. Discuss 2. write your full submissions for the plea in mitigation for Sandra Quinn. Answer: 1. Introduction A contract is an agreement between two or more parties for the performance or non-performance of any act. An agreement gives rise to legal obligations which legally enforceable by law. Under the English Common Law principle, there are basically three essential factors which constitute a valid contract under the law: First, there should be an agreement between the contracting parties, Second, contractual intent must be present between/among the parties to a contract, and Lastly, there should be an element of consideration. All these three factors are necessary for any agreement to be legally binding as a valid contract under the eyes of the law. Absence of any one of these factors in an agreement renders the contract invalid. Thus, a valid contract has to fulfill all the above prerequisites. In a valid contract there is an offer and acceptance of offer. In short, a proposition is made by one party and such a proposition is accepted by the other party. Thus, the elements of offer and acceptance are the main essence of a contract. The above question revolves around the concept of consideration. To answer it we should have a clear idea of, what a consideration is? Under the English Common Law, a promise merely does not constitute a binding contract on the person promising something until and unless it is accompanied by a consideration as in the case of Thomas Vs Thomas (1842)2 QB 851. Consideration means something of value which has to be given in return on account of the made promise in order to make such a promise legally binding as a valid contract. For example, when we buy something for the store, we pay for the goods. Such payment is regarded as a consideration for the sellers promise to deliver the goods to the buyer. In a similar manner, the delivery of the goods by the seller is a consideration for the buyers promise to pay for such goods. A traditional definition of consideration is set out in Currie vs. Misa (1875) which is as follows: a valuable consideration, in the sense of the law, may consist either in some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to the one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss of responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other Though the courts strictly follow the concept of consideration, it sometimes becomes unorthodox (as in the cases of Ward v Byham[1956] 1 WLR 496,Williams v Roffey Bros[1990] 2 WLR 1153). Thus, consideration is the principle criterion with the help of which the English courts decide whether an agreement is legally enforceable or not. Consideration is the main indicator which proves that the contracting parties have the intention to make an agreement legally binding. Essentials of a valid consideration The following are the essential elements that are required for a valid consideration: Consideration must not be past: There should be a direct relation between a promise and a consideration. The consideration should be in relation to that particular promise.Whether the concerned consideration is past or not is a question of fact. The words mentioned in the agreement merely may not a conclusive issue (as in the case of Re McArdle(1951) Ch 669). There are two exceptions to the past consideration rule: An act already performed may be valid if: The promise would have been legally enforceable if it had been made prior to the act. Understanding between the parties about the performance of the act, and The concerned act is done at the promisors request (as held in the case of Lampleigh v Braithwaite[1615] EWHC KB J17, Negotiable instruments, cheques, promissory notes, demand draft, etc Consideration should move from promise Tweddle v Atkinson[1861] EWHC QB J57) Consideration should be legal under the eyes of the law Consideration mush be requested Consideration mush be sufficient The concept of Sufficiency of Consideration Legally, consideration should provide for some benefit to the promisor or some detriment to the promise, but the amount of benefit or detriment need not be too much in amount. Although a contract has no legal binding until and unless some consideration is exchanged with should be economical in nature. Thus, consideration must have some material or economic value. In simple terms, sufficient consideration means what is put forward should be something which the courts of law will consider as legally capable of constituting as a consideration. Consideration may be sufficient but not necessarily liable to be adequate ( Chappell v Nestle[1960] AC 87). This generally indicates that the courts are not much keen on evaluating the parity between the values of the consideration which is being offered by the parties involved which means that the courts do not interfere with the bargain made between the concerned contracting parties. Exceptions to the concept of sufficient consideration Past Consideration: a consideration which has been paid in the past is not generally considered as consideration in the present context. A fresh consideration is mandatory for a fresh contract duly executed. Performance of Existing Duty: the performance of an existing duty; be it legal or contractual is not regarded as a valid consideration in the present context of the fresh contract. The basic logic behind it is that the promise does not face any legal detriment and the promisor gets what was already initiated by the parties to the existing contract (Collins v Godefrey(1831) 1 B Ad 950). Absence of Economic Value: If a consideration lacks adequate economical value, then it is not considered as a valid consideration. Part Payment of Debts: Part payments are not regarded as consideration as part payments are not adequate to discharge a larger debt. It is clear from the above discussed points what are considered as the pre-requisites of a valid contract and a valid sufficient consideration under the English law. Thus, the performance of an existing legal or contractual duty cannot be in any way considered as a valid consideration in the context of a present contract (as held in the case of Stilk v Myrrick[1809] EWHC KB J58). The most striking reason for this is that which was already promised to be delivered or acted upon, cannot compensate or substitute something which has to be delivered or performed again under a fresh promise/agreement/contract. There is no exchange of benefit and/or detriment under the new agreement. Performance of an existing obligation is thus, not enforceable under the principles of sufficient consideration. 2. Good Afternoon, Your Worship and all present in this court room. My name is ________________. I will present the case of the defense. Sandra Quinn is my client. It is the allegation of the prosecution that my client has committed burglary at the offices of Aztec Computing Limited situated at 106, Oswald Road, Ealing. It is the allegation of the prosecution that my client has taken various items from the office which includes three laptops worth 700 pounds each, 3 iPods worth 350 pounds each and an iPhone. The security guard, Mr. Rex Poole who was patrolling the building at 2.50am has claimed to have noticed a female in her mid 20s with long blonde hair dressed in a red hood and black jeans carrying a large black bag and running down the alleyway. Whereas my client was stopped by the police at 2.30 am a few streets away from the site of occurrence of the crime. Since she fitted the description of the burglar noticed by the security guard she was charged with the burglary. Though sh e was not carrying the bag and nothing was recovered when the police carried out search. In an identification parade carried out by the police Mr. Rex Poole identified my client as the burglar. Now I would state the personal circumstance of my client. She is 25 years old and lives with her mother and 7 years old son. She stays at a housing association at Ealing. She works as a shelf stacker in Tescos in Ealing. Her son is also studying in a school in the town. From her personal circumstance it is evident that my client would under no circumstance abscond if she is granted bail. As regards the allegations, the defendant when interview by the police has denied the allegations which have been leveled against her. The case of the prosecution is completely circumstantial. There is prima facie no evidence to establish that the woman whom the security guard had noticed on the night of the occurrence of the crime is my client. He had not seen the face of the woman. There is no evidence that the woman he had seen and my client are one and the same entity. The evidence established through identification seems nebulous. Moreover my client even has a strong alibi. She was with her boy friend Mark that night at the time of occurrence of the crime. Your Worship, my client voluntarily surrendered to the police. While she was questioned by the police she has readily answered all questions and extended the greatest possible co-operation. In spite of being under investigation she did not attempt to abscond. My client admits to the prior convictions of theft and burglary. As far as the burglary sentence is concerned she was sentenced to 180 hours community order which she has completed recently. She had attended on time and completed all formalities adequately. As regards the absconding conviction my client could not attend court on time but appeared late. The reason being that her son Peter was not well and there was nobody to take care of him at home. My clients mother who generally takes care of Peter was also on holiday. Moreover, though she tried to arrange for somebody to look after Peter yet she failed to find anybody. The defendant may provide if the court requires medical certificate of her son, Peter. She had also called up the court and informed that she would not be able to reach court on time. But at present her son is in a good health and hence this is no longer a problem. There is no risk to the community if my client is released on bail. My client is not at risk of re-offending as she is working at present and in case she offends again she would lose her job. She has a son who is dependent on her and thus she would not risk her job by committing another offence. Her mother stays with her and she can supervise her regular activities. My client is agreeable to comply with the conditions of bail, if any, imposed on her. She would not contact or approach Mr. Rex Poole and does not even have an intention to do so. Thus there is no base for the argument of the prosecution that the defendant would try to interfere with the witness, Mr. Rex Poole. There is no risk as to the fact that my client would attempt to abscond. My client intends to clear her status of being an offender and hence would attend court whenever required. Moreover, the family ties of the defendant would not permit her to do so. She has a son who is dependent upon her. The client is well aware of the consequences she would have to face in case she absconds. My client would lose her housing accommodation in case the allegation against her is proved. The witness has identified my client as the burglar who ran away. However, he has admitted that he only saw that a lady with blonde hair wearing black jeans and red hood ran away. She even had a black bag in her hand. But Mr. Poole had not seen the face of the lady who ran away. It is doubtful that the witness could have identified anybody in such a situation, let alone my client whom he had never met. Thus the case of the prosecution is weak and the nature of the offence with which my client has been charged is not such that in case bail is granted my client would be a danger to the community. Since the client has a son dependent on her, refusal of bail would be detrimental to the interest of the defendants son. Since my client is a single parent and the only earning member in her family, she needs to continue with the job so as to be able to bear the expense of litigation. References Andrews, N. (2011).Contract law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Lampleigh v Braithwaite [1615]EWHC KB Chappell v Nestle[1960] AC 87 Collins v Godefrey(1831) 1 B Ad 950 Denoncourt, J. (2009).Q amp;A Business Law 2009-2010. Hoboken: Taylor amp; Francis Denoncourt, J. and Denoncourt, J. (2012).Business law 2012-2013. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Hesselink, M. (2015). Democratic contract law.European Review of Contract Law, 11(2) R v Clark (1927) Re McArdle (1951)[2015] Ch Roscorla v Thomas (1842) Stilk v Myrrick[1809] EWHC KB J58 Taylor, R. and Taylor, D. (2009).Contract law. Oxford: Oxford University Press (Thomas v Thomas) (1842) 2[2015] QB Tweddle v Atkinson [1861] EWHCQB Ward v Byham [1956] 1WLR Williams v Roffey Bros[1990] 2 WLR 1153) (Andrews, 2011) (Thomas v Thomas)(1842) 2 QB 851 (Denoncourt, 2009) (Denoncourt and Denoncourt, 2012) (Hesselink, 2015) (Taylor and Taylor, 2009) Description of the facts Personal details of client Allegation made against defendant Voluntary surrender to the police by the defendant Previous convictions. Conditions for the bail Defense on behalf of the client

Standards Vocabulary Reading Literary Domain Essay Example

Standards Vocabulary Reading Literary Domain Paper Adaptation This is a version of an original source (such as a diary, an autobiography, or a story) which is modified for presentation in another form, such as a film, a musical, or a play. Allusion This is the reference to a person, place, or event from history, literature, or religion with which a reader is likely to be familiar. Analyze This is to separate a whole into its parts. Archetypal Character This is a character in a work that represents a certain type of person. Argument (1) This involves one or more reasons presented by a speaker or a writer to lead the audience or reader to a conclusion on an issue. Argument (2) This is a statement that seeks to convince readers of something, addresses a problem, and takes a position. Central The key point made in a passage is called its ____ idea. Central Argument This is the dominant and controlling argument. Character This is an individuals mental or moral quality. Characterization This is the combination of ways that an author shows readers what a person in a literary selection is like. Characters These are the people or animals who take part in a literary work. Citation This is the notation of a source used for a paper Classic Something widely recognized as a model or example of a type of literary work. Classical Literature This includes great masterpieces of the Greek, Roman, and other ancient civilizations as well as any writing that is widely considered a model of its form. Conclusion This is when you use pieces of information on a subject to base your opinion or make a decision. You draw a ________. Conflict Often, an antagonistic relationship called a ___ drives the plot of a story or novel. Connotation This refers to the feelings and associations that go beyond the dictionary definition of a word. Context (1) This is the framework of meaning which surrounds a specific word, sentence, idea, or passage. Context (2) When we find the meaning of a word (or phrase) by looking at the words and sentences around it, we are using ____ clues. Context Clues These are in the text surrounding a word and give hints for the meaning of the word. They are called ___ ___. Controlling The _____ idea of a passage is the idea which is dealt with and recurs throughout the passage. Cultural Elements This includes language, ideologies, beliefs, values, and norms. These elements help to shape the life of a society. Cultural Setting This is the phrase for the set of values, beliefs, and opinions shared by a group and surrounding the author at the time of her writing. Definition Usually found in a dictionary, this tells you the meaning of a word or phrase. Denotation The literal definition of a word is also called its ______. Detail This is a piece of information that is used to support a main idea. Dialogue These are the words spoken by characters in a literary work. Diction This is the writers choice of words, including the vocabulary used, the appropriateness of the words, and the vividness of the language. Direct Characterization When a character is revealed by clear descriptions by the author, this is called _____ characterization. Dynamic A character who changes during the course of a story is called a _____ character. Euphemism This is the substitution of an agreeable or non-offensive phrase for one that might be unpleasant or offensive. Event This word means anything that happens to or is done by a character in a story. Evidence This is information that supports a thought or belief. Experience This is the name for what is gathered through the general process of living, or for the process itself. Fiction This is writing that tells about imaginary characters and events. Figurative Langauge This goes beyond the literal meanings of words to create special effects or feelings. Flashback This is a scene, a conversation, or an event that interrupts the present action to show something that happened in the past. Flat Character A character in a fictional work that is never fully developed by the author is called a ___ character. Formal Language This kind of language usually has longer sentences and a greater variety of words than everyday speech. Slang, contractions, and jargon are avoided. Historical The setting and circumstances in which a literary work is written or an event occurs are called its ___ context. Historical Setting This is the political, social, cultural, and economic time and place surrounding the creation of a literary text. Idiom This is a phrase in common use that can not be understood by literal or ordinary meanings. Implied Meaning This is a suggested, but not stated, definition. Indirect This is when an author reveals a person in the story through his/her words, thoughts, appearance, action, or what others think or say about him/her. It is called ___ characterization. Inference This is reading between the lines. It is taking something that you read and putting it together with something that you already know to make sense of what you read. You make an _____. Informal Language This is what people use in everyday speech. It usually consists of fairly short sentences and simple vocabulary. It is called _______ speech or language. Informational Text This is a type of real-world writing that presents material that is necessary or valuable to the reader. Internal Conflict This is when a character has a problem within him or herself. Jargon This refers to the language of a specialized type, usually dealing with a narrow area of study or knowledge. It has a slightly negative connotation, and can imply that the language is mere word play. Literal Meaning This is the ordinary, usual, or exact meaning of words, phrases, or passages. No figurative language or interpretation is involved. Literary Summary A _____ summary is a synopsis of the events, characters, and ideas in a work of literature. Main Idea This is the central and most important idea of a reading passage or presentation. Moral This is the theme of a passage, story, novel, poem, or drama that readers can apply to life. Motivation This is the wants, needs, or beliefs that cause a character to act or react in a particular way. Mystery This is a genre that often includes detectives and a crime that must be solved. Myth This is a traditional tale about gods, goddesses, heroes, and other characters. Mythology This is a body or collection of tales belonging to a people and addressing their origin, history, deities, ancestors, and heroes. It explains the actions of gods and goddesses or the cause of natural phenomena and includes supernatural elements. Non-literal This is when the meaning is NOT exact or word for word. It is figurative and it requires interpretation. Opinion This is an expression of an authors personal belief. It is not something that can be proved to be true or false. Paraphrase This is the restatement of a written work in ones own words that keeps the basic meaning of the original work. Person vs. Self This describes the type of conflict when the leading character struggles with himself/herself; with his conscience, feelings, or ideas. Perspective This is a writers or speakers point of view about a particular subject, and is often influenced by their beliefs or by events in their lives. Plot This is the series of events that happen in a literary work. Point of View This is the perspective from which a story is told. It is the way the author lets the readers see and hear the story; who tells the story. Quote If you repeat the words someone else has said or written, you ______ them. Sequence This is the order in which things are told in a story. Sequencing This is arranging things in order so they can be numbered or related in a connected series. Setting This is the time and place in which a literary work happens. Shakespeare He was a great poet and playwright during the English Renaissance. His works include Romeo and Juliet, The Tragedy of Macbeth, and many sonnets. Source (1) This is a person, book, document, website or record that provides information. Source (2) A research __________ is any material that can be used to locate information about a given topic. Static A _________ character does not change during the course of the action. Structure This refers to a writers arrangement or overall design of a literary work. It is the way words, sentences, and paragraphs are organized to create a complete work. Summarize This is to state briefly. Support (1) to strengthen or prove an argument or idea by providing facts, details, examples and other information Support (2) To strengthen your ideas and opinions with examples, facts, or details is to add _____ details. Supporting Evidence These are the facts or details that back up a main idea, theme, or thesis. Supporting Sentence A _____ sentence helps to clarify, describe, explain, or enhance the main idea of a paragraph. Technical Writing This is writing that communicates specific information about a particular subject, craft, or occupation. Tension This is a form of suspense or potential conflict. It can occur between characters or arise from general situations. Theme This is the message, usually about life or society, that an author wishes to convey through a literary work. Thesis The main point or central idea that a writer states and then endeavors to prove is called a ____. Thesis Statement This is the the main idea of an essay, usually expressed as a generalization that is supported with concrete evidence. Tone This is the attitude that an author takes toward the audience, the subject, or a character. Topic This is the specific part of a subject that is dealt with in a research paper or in an essay. Universal Theme This is the central message of a story, poem, novel, or play that many readers can apply to their own experiences, or to those of all people. Viewpoint This is a writers opinion or standpoint on an issue. Word Choice (1) This is another way of saying diction. This can help reveal a) the tone of the work, b) connotations of meaning, and/or c) his style of writing. Word Choice (2) This is the authors or speakers craft or style. It might be formal, informal, or even slang. Diction is a synonym.